Title of 5th Nicholas Ambraseys Distinguished Lecture:Analysis in seismic provisions for buildings – past, present and future
(see the abstract below)
Monday 18.06.2018
9:30-10:30
Prof. Peter FAJFAR
Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Peter Fajfar is Professor at the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. His main research interest is seismic analysis and design of structures. He published more than 250 papers and 4 monographs. Best known is his work on the pushover-based N2 method. He was a visiting professor at several prestigious universities, including Stanford University.
In the period 2003-2015 he was one of three Editors of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics. He served on the Board of Directors of the International Association of Earthquake Engineering and was a member of the Executive Committee of the European Association of Earthquake Engineering, where he is now an Honorary Member. He has been involved in the preparation of Eurocode 8 and leads the implementation of this standard in Slovenia which was the first country where Eurocode 8 became compulsory. As a designer, consultant and/or reviewer, he has participated in a large number of projects for industry.
Together with H.Krawinkler he organized three well known “Bled workshops”. He received several awards, among them the highest award for the scientific work in Slovenia. P.Fajfar is a member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, of the Slovenian Academy of Engineering, and of the European Academy of Sciences (Belgium).
Analysis in seismic provisions for buildings – past, present and future
Analysis of the structure is the fundamental part of seismic design and assessment. It started more than hundred years ago, when a static analysis with lateral loads of about 10% of the weight of the structure was suggested in Italy. Seismic loads of this size remained for a long time in the majority of seismic codes worldwide. With time, more elaborated analysis procedures have been implemented, including nonlinear pushover and response-history methods. In the future, methods with explicit probabilistic considerations may be adopted. In this lecture, the development of seismic provisions related to analysis is summarized, the present state is discussed, and possible further developments are envisaged. The discussion represents the views of the author and is based on his experience in teaching, research, consulting, and code development work.
Prof. Peter FAJFAR
University of Ljubljana,
SLOVENIA
Title of Keynote Lecture:Implications of site specific response analysis
(see the abstract below)
Tuesday 19.06.2018
9:00-9:45
Prof. Atilla ANSAL
President of the EAEE, Chairman of Civil Engineering Department, Özyeğ University, TURKEY
He received his Ph.D. in Geotechnical Engineering from Northwestern University, USA in 1977. He was promoted to full Professorship in 1988 in Istanbul Technical University. He moved to Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute of Bogaziçi University in 2002. Since March 2012, he is professor in the Engineering Faculty of Ozyegin University and Chairman of Civil Engineering Department.
He has been the Secretary General of European Association for Earthquake Engineering during 1994-2014 and President since 2014. He is the Editor in Chief of the Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering and the book series on “Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering” by Springer since 2002.
His main areas of interest are microzonation methodologies, earthquake scenarios, effects of geotechnical factors on earthquake damage, cyclic behaviour of clays and sands, liquefaction, variability of strong ground motion characteristics. He published about 250 articles in conference proceedings, journals, books and as technical reports in English and Turkish. He was the recipient of the Third Ord.Prof.Dr. Hamdi Peynircioglu Lecture Award in 1988, given by the Turkish National Committee on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering and the Third Prof.Dr.Rıfat Yarar Lecture award in 2015, given by Chamber of Turkish Civil Engineers and Earthquake Engineering Committee of Turkish Earthquake Foundation.
Implications of site specific response analysis
Probabilistic evaluation of earthquake characteristics on the ground surface is the essential component for design of structures and assessment of seismic vulnerabilities in urban environment. The engineering approach is composed of regional seismic hazard analyses, definition of representative site profiles; and 1D or 2D equivalent or nonlinear, total or effective stress site response analyses. Thus, a site specific response analysis starts with the probabilistic evaluation of regional seismicity and earthquake source characteristics, soil stratification, as well as properties of soil layers because of interaction among earthquake source, path characteristics and geotechnical site conditions. The local seismic hazard analysis yields a uniform hazard acceleration spectrum on the bedrock outcrop. Site-specific response analyses also need to produce a uniform hazard acceleration spectrum on the ground surface. A general review will be presented based on the comparison of major developed methodologies to demonstrate the implications of site specific response analysis.
Prof. Atilla ANSAL
Özyeğ University, TURKEY
Title of Keynote Lecture:A redefinition of seismic input for design and assessment
(see the abstract below)
Monday 18.06.2018
10:30-11:15
Prof. Gian Michele CALVI
IUSS Pavia, Eucentre Foundation, Italy and North Carolina State University, USA
He received a Master of Science from the University of California, Berkeley, a PhD from the Politecnico di Milano and a Honorary Doctorate from the University of Cujo, Mendoza, Argentina.
He has been the founder of the Eucentre Foundation and of the ROSE School (which originated the UME School); he has been a member of the Board of Directors of the GEM Foundation and is one of the Directors of the International Association of Earthquake Engineering.
He is author of hundreds of publications and of two major books: Seismic design and retrofit of bridges (with M.J.N. Priestley and F. Seible, 1996) and Displacement-Based Seismic Design of Structures (with M.J.N. Priestley and M.J. Kowalsky, 2007).
He has been designer, consultant or checker for hundreds of structural projects, including the Rion-Antirion cable stayed bridge (2883 m, in Greece), the Bolu viaduct (119 spans, in Turkey) and the new housing system after L’Aquila earthquake (2009), with 185 buildings seismically isolated with more than 7,000 devices, completed in about six months.
He is associate editor of the Journal of Earthquake Engineering (Taylor and Francis) and editor of Progettazione Sismica (IUSS Press, Pavia), a journal in Italian addressed to practitioners.
He has been invited keynote speakers in tens of conferences, including two World and three European Conferences on Earthquake Engineering.
He has been always active in conceptual innovation in seismic design, focusing on masonry in his early days, on bridges, displacement–based design and seismic isolation from the nineties.
A redefinition of seismic input for design and assessment
For several decades, seismologists and engineers have been struggling to perfect the shape of design spectra, analyzing recorded signals and speculating on probabilities. This research effort produced several improvements, for example suggesting to adopt more than one period to define a spectral shape, or proposing different spectral shapes as a function of the return period of the design ground motion.
However, the basic assumption of adopting essentially three fundamental criteria, i.e.: constant acceleration at low periods, constant displacement at long periods, constant velocity in an intermediate period range, has never been really questioned.
In this contribution, the grounds of a constant velocity assumption is discussed and shown to be disputable and not physically based. Spectral shapes based on different logics are shown to be consistent with the experimental evidence of several hundred recorded ground motions and to lead to significant differences in terms of displacement and acceleration demand.
The main parameters considered to define the seismic input are magnitude and epicenter distance, but the possible influence of other parameters – such as focal depth and fault distance, duration and number of significant cycles, local amplification – are discussed.
Novel forms of ground motion prediction equations and of hazard maps may result from this approach.
The implications on design and assessment will also be addressed, considering case studies derived from recent tectonics events (i.e. the Central Italy sequence of 2016) and from induced seismicity (i.e. the case of the Groningen region in the Netherlands).
Specific points of interest include the generation and adaptation of acceleration and displacement time histories for design, the possibility of including the effects of energy dissipation on the side of capacity rather than on that of demand, the consistent generation of floor spectra for design and assessment of non structural elements.
Prof. Gian Michele CALVI
Title of Keynote Lecture:Practical modeling of RC structures for displacement-based evaluation: toward the second generation of EN-Eurocode 8 and beyond
(see the abstract below)
Wednesday 20.06.2018
9:00-9:45
Prof. Michael N. FARDIS
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, GREECE
Holds MSc Degrees in Civil Engineering and in Nuclear Engineering and a PhD in Structural Engineering from MIT, where he taught till 1983 to the rank of Associate Professor. Honorary President of the International Federation of Structural Concrete (fib) and Honorary Member of the International Association of Earthquake Engineering. Currently Editor of "Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics", Vice Chairman of CEN/TC250 "Structural Eurocodes" (2013-19) and Director of the International Association of Earthquake Engineering (2012-20). President of the International Federation of Structural Concrete (fib) in 2009-10 and Deputy President in 2007-08. Chairman of CEN/TC250/SC8 "Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance" during the development of the European Standard Eurocode 8 (1998-2005). Author of “Seismic Design, Assessment and Retrofitting of Concrete Buildings” (Springer, 2009), lead author of “Seismic Design of Concrete Buildings to Eurocode 8" (CRC Press, 2015) and of "Designers’ Guide to EN1998-1 and EN1998-5: Eurocode 8-Seismic actions, buildings, foundations & retaining structures” (ICE Publishing 2005, translated to Italian, Russian, Greek), co-author of “Designers’ Guide to EN1998-2: Eurocode 8-Bridges” (ICE Publishing 2012) and author or co-author of 29 Chapters in international books. Edited or co-edited four books published by Springer and 10 other international books. Has 85 papers in international journals, 32 keynote or invited lectures at international conferences and 107 papers in international conference proceedings. He received the 1993 ACI Wason Medal for the best paper in materials.
Practical modeling of RC structures for displacement- based evaluation: toward the second generation of EN-Eurocode 8 and beyond
The use of nonlinear response-history analysis for the displacement-based evaluation of existing RC buildings or of new designs is spreading fast; soon the method will be the profession's work-horse for practical evaluations. As in displacement-based evaluations deformation capacities are checked against deformation demands, both sides should be realistically estimated. The value of the elastic stiffness used for each member holds the key to the estimation of demands, as it determines the dominant period of the nonlinear response; comparisons with dynamic tests show that the best choice for it is the member's secant stiffness to the yield point. The second important point for the estimation of peak deformation demands is damping, for which the time-honoured global mass- and initial-stiffness-proportional Rayleigh damping is seriously challenged, with no heir apparent in sight. The third hurdle is numerical problems, which are quite common and may remain hidden and unnoticed among the multiple analyses; numerical difficulties are reduced, if the temptation to introduce a falling branch after the peak or the ultimate deformation is resisted. After all, the question of what happens to the system after one component loses practically all its resistance is academic: for the evaluation to be concluded positively, no member in the model is allowed to exceed its limit deformation. To assist the evaluation, recent simple models are presented for the secant stiffness to the yield point, the parameters controlling hysteretic energy dissipation and the cyclic ultimate chord rotation of concrete beams, columns and walls with a variety of cross-sectional shapes, having ribbed or smooth bars, continuous or lap-spliced in the plastic hinge region, with or without wrapping in Fiber Reinforced Polymers. The impact of the forthcoming transition from the first to the second generation of the Eurocodes and of the emergence of the Model Code 2020 of fib, are reviewed.
Prof. Michael N. FARDIS
Title of Keynote Lecture:Open issues on seismic assessment of existing masonry buildings: linear vs
nonlinear, static vs dynamic, local vs global approaches
(see the abstract below)
Thursday 21.06.2018
9:00-9:45
Prof. Sergio LAGOMARSINO
Department of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Genoa, ITALY
Sergio Lagomarsino is professor of Structural Engineering at the University of Genoa, since 2000. He has been President of the Master Degree Course on Architectural Engineering, Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Director of the PhD course on Structural and Geotechnical Engineering. He is the author of many papers in international journals and chapters of scientific books on the following topics: seismic assessment of existing structures, nonlinear modelling of masonry structures, preservation of monumental buildings and historical centres, seismic risk and vulnerability analysis. He delivered invited lectures at many International Conferences and Seminars. He coordinated the European project PERPETUATE (www.perpetuate.eu) on the seismic assessment and protection of cultural heritage assets, as well as many other national projects. He sits on the editorial boards of “International Journal of Architectural Heritage" and of “Earthquakes and Structures”; he was Guest Editor of the Special Issue “Performance-Based Assessment of Cultural Heritage Assets: Outcomes of the European Project PERPETUATE” of the Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 13(1), 2015. He has served in the drafting panels of the Italian seismic code and the Italian Guidelines for cultural heritage in seismic areas. At present he is member of the Project Team 3 that is working on the revision of Eurocode 8 “Design of structures for earthquake resistance” - Part 3: “Assessment and retrofitting of buildings”. He has developed, together with co-workers, the software program TREMURI for the static and dynamic nonlinear analysis of masonry buildings. He has developed the survey form for post-earthquake damage assessment of ancient churches, used by the Italian Civil Protection Department and, at research level, in other countries, such as Portugal and New Zealand.
Open issues on seismic assessment of existing masonry buildings: linear vs nonlinear, static vs dynamic, local vs global approaches
The seismic assessment of existing masonry buildings is a difficult task due to the complexity of reliable models, particularly in the case of older non-engineered ones. The qualitative approach is a essential element of knowledge for the interpretation of the seismic behaviour but cannot replace a quantitative security check. As-built information, based on historical notes on transformation and the survey of constructive details, together with the results of investigation on material properties, are the basis for the choice and calibration of the structural models with which to carry out the verifications. Modelling and analysis procedures should be as accurate as possible in catching the actual seismic response, but at the same time robust and practice-oriented. This keynote lecture offers a general framework for the assessment of existing masonry buildings (in unreinforced, reinforced and confined masonry) and is focused on distinctive features and open issues in this field. The assessment is based on the evaluation of the global seismic response, relying on the in-plane resistance of masonry walls, and the verification of possible local mechanisms, related to out-of-plane behaviour of walls substructures. For the global analysis, it is suggested: a) a modelling approach that takes into account the diaphragms stiffness; b) different failure criteria for masonry piers for regular and irregular masonry; c) specific failure criteria for the spandrels; d) a combination of global and local checks for the definition of limit states. For local mechanisms, the following are proposed: a) the use of equilibrium limit analysis, considering the evolution of rigid block mechanisms, for the evaluation of the horizontal seismic strength and the ultimate displacement capacity; b) a new formulation for the floor spectra, with an accurate estimate of the displacement demand on these mechanisms at different levels of the building.
Prof. Sergio LAGOMARSINO
University of Genoa, ITALY
Title of Theme Lecture:Implementation of near-fault forward directivity effects in seismic design codes
(see the abstract below)
Tuesday 19.06.2018
14:00-14:30
Prof. Sinan AKKAR
Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Istanbul, TURKEY
Sinan Akkar is a faculty member at Boğaziçi University in Istanbul, Turkey. His major fields of interest are development of ground-motion predictive models (GMPEs), compilation of strong-motion databases as well as probabilistic seismic hazard and risk assessment. He was involved in various EU-FP7 and GEM funded international projects such as SHARE (Seismic Hazard Harmonization in Europe), EMME (Earthquake Modelling of the Middle East), STREST (Harmonized Approach to Stress Tests for Critical Infrastructures against Natural Hazards) and NERA (Network of European Research Infrastructures for Earthquake Risk Assessment and Mitigation). He was part of the pan-European ground-motion database (RESORCE) compilation team in Seismic Ground Motion Assessment (SIGMA) project.
He acted as either a resource expert, proponent, coordinator or technical evaluator in the ground-motion characterization tasks of various nuclear power plant projects (PEGASOS Refinement Project, Southwest United States Project, Reevaluation of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard of Nuclear Facilities in Taiwan Using SSHAC Level 3 Methodology, Sinop Nuclear Power Plant Feasibility Study). Apart from his involvements in the above international projects, he served for the Compilation of National Strong-Motion Database, Revision of Turkish Seismic Hazard Maps and Preliminary Evaluation of Earthquake Insurance Premium for Metropolitan Areas under the Revised Seismic Hazard Maps in Turkey projects. He is co-authored +50 peer-reviewed papers in SCI covered international journals.
Implementation of near-fault forward directivity effects in seismic design codes
This paper first addresses some of the important seismological and geometrical parameters that are prominent in the variation of elastic spectral demands due to near-fault forward directivity (NFFD). Considering the observations made from the first part, the second part of the paper proposes code-based expressions to modify the spectral amplitudes for directivity effects at different return periods. The proposed expressions describe the forward- spectral amplitude modifications in terms of fault slip rate, fault characteristic magnitude and site location relative to ruptured fault segment. The first two parameters account for seismic source activity and rupture size whereas the last parameter underlines the significance of source-to-site geometry in spectral amplitude variations when directivity dominates. The epistemic uncertainty in the proposed expressions are taken into consideration by considering two different directivity models. The proposed expressions are compared with similar code-based formulations to highlight their implications in the computation of directivity-dominated spectral demands.
Prof. Sinan AKKAR
Title of Theme Lecture:Composite Steel/Concrete Building Structures with Emphasis on those with Concrete-
Filled Steel Tubes
(see the abstract below)
Wednesday 20.06.2018
14:00-14:30
Prof. Dimitris BESKOS
Institute of Structural Engineering and Disaster Reduction, Tongji University, CHINA, and Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, GREECE
Dimitri E. Beskos is presently Chair Professor at the Institute of Structural Engineering and Disaster Reduction of Tongji University, Shanghai, China and Emeritus Professor of Civil Engineering of the University of Patras, Greece. He obtained his Diploma (1969) from the NTUA in Greece and his M.Sc (1971) and Ph.D (1974) from Cornell University in the USA. He has served at the University of Minnesota, USA for 10 years and the University of Patras, Greece for 33 years. His research areas include Computational Mechanics, Structural and Earthquake Engineering and Applied Mechanics. His publication record includes 21 books, 21 chapters in books, 194 journal papers and 240 conference proceedings papers with 4769 citations and h=40 according to Scopus. He is Co-Editor-in-Chief of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering and Editorial Board Member in other 10 International Journals. He is a Fellow of ASCE, IACM, NYAS and WIT, Member of the Academia Europaea and the European Academy of Sciences and Arts and Corresponding Member of the Academy of Athens. He has supervised 22 Doctoral students with 11 of them being University Professors.
Composite Steel/Concrete Building Structures with Emphasis on those with Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes
Composite construction in steel and concrete offers significant advantages over the conventional one based on either steel or concrete, used separately. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in composite steel/concrete construction, which covers a wide variety of topics, including composite columns, composite beams and connections, innovative composite structural systems, seismic engineering of composite structures and seismic design. Experimental, computational and analytical research are all covered giving emphasis on the seismic behavior and simulation of concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) columns and composite framed structures under single and multiple earthquakes. The paper also discusses seismic analysis/assessment methodologies and performance-based seismic design (PBSD) methods that enable engineers to produce composite structures with deformation control.
Prof. Dimitris BESKOS
Title of Theme Lecture:Eurocode 8: evolution or revolution?
(see the abstract below)
Wednesday 20.06.2018
14:00-14:30
Dr. Philippe BISCH
International expert, EGIS Industries, Montreuil, FRANCE
Philippe Bisch is a civil engineer from “Ecole des Ponts”, France. He has led a carrier of design engineer and consultant, and is now expert for EGIS Industries. Part of this carrier was also dedicated on one side to research projects, and on the other side to the management of the company.
In parallel, professor at “Ecole des Ponts” in courses related to structural mechanics, presently in charge of the courses “shells” and “dynamics and stability in the industry”. He has also been in charge of courses in some other engineering schools, like “Ecole des Ingénieurs de la ville de Paris” and “Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan”. Author of books and articles, mainly in the field of structural mechanics.
In the field of Earthquake engineering, he has been President of the European Association (EAEE) and of the French Association (AFPS). He is one of the authors of the previous French standard PS92. He has been participating to the Eurocode 8 project within CEN/TC250/SC8 since the beginning and is now chairman of this sub-committee.
Eurocode 8: evolution or revolution?
Following exchanges with CEN/TC250, responsible for the development of the Eurocodes, the European Commission has entrusted CEN with the mandate M/515, which consists of developing certain themes not covered by the first generation of Eurocodes. Two issues are common to all Eurocodes: reducing the number of national parameters and improving ease of use and overall consistency.
As far as Eurocode 8 is concerned, all parts are intended to be reorganised, to improve their readability, avoid repetitions and even contradictions. On the menu of the work to be carried out: the revision of site classification and of the definition of the seismic action, the development of displacement based methods of analysis, the development of a new chapter on structures equipped with dissipative devices, revision of classes of ductility, an in-depth review of the materials chapters and the addition of provisions for aluminium, improved treatment of infills and claddings in buildings, restructuring of Part 3 on assessment, adding a section on bridges, development of soil-structure interaction, etc.
This important work should make it possible to deliver a deeply renewed second generation Eurocode 8, without fundamentally altering the basic principles.
Dr. Philippe BISCH
Title of Theme Lecture:Structural health monitoring for seismic damage identification and decision making
(see the abstract below CV)
Tuesday 19.06.2018
10:15-10:45
Prof. Oreste S. BURSI
Department of Civil, Environmental & Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, ITALY
Oreste S. Bursi graduated in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Padua in 1984, and achieved his Ph.D in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Bristol. He is full professor of structural dynamics and control at the University of Trento since 2001. He has always been interested in complex dynamical non-linear systems consisting of structural and mechanical components as well as control devices. Devices have been used both to control in real time or test dynamical systems subjected to natural hazards based on computer hardware and software. Thus, through the analysis and design of such complex systems that require both advanced modelling and simulation and experimental techniques, Oreste S. Bursi has built up his scientific background tailored to multidisciplinary problems. As a result, he became the leader researcher in Europe in the area of heterogeneous dynamic substructure coupling. Recently, he addressed his research interests towards system identification and structural health monitoring of complex systems, e.g. bridges, pipes, etc., and quantitative risk assessment of critical petrochemical facilities subjected to technological accidents triggered by natural disasters.
(http://r.unitn.it/en/dicam/nhmsdchttp://me.unitn.it/oreste-bursi/)
Structural health monitoring for seismic damage identification and decision making
In this paper, a few techniques to structural damage identification due to earthquake disaster are presented using as damage feature the interstorey drift in measuring and modeling the deformed shape of structures made of reinforced concrete. Statistically significant variations of the interstorey drift between the undamaged and the inspection phase indicate onset of damages. As a result, different damage states can be identified in view of decision making. Sensor faults, which occur when the outputs display unacceptable deviations from the true values of the measured variable can cause false alarms and missed detections in structural health monitoring systems. Thus, a sensor validation methodology is used to guarantee the accuracy and reliability of health-condition evaluations. The method is successfully applied to two case studies. The first one is characterized by data coming from four school buildings. Relevant data are commented upon. The second case study regards a more complex school building made of different substructures: the idea is to monitor only one substructure and, in the case of damage, infer significant damage information also in the other substructures by means of efficient Bayesian networks. Results and simulations show that the proposed techniques are quite effective for damage quantification also in the case of responses corrupted by noise.
Prof. Oreste S. BURSI
Title of Theme Lecture:Knowns and unknows of ground-motion modelling. Lessons learned from recent earthquakes and implications for seismic hazard assessment
(see the abstract below)
Tuesday 19.06.2018
10:15-10:45
Prof. Fabrice COTTON
University of Potsdam, and GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, GERMANY
Fabrice Cotton is Professor at the University of Potsdam and the head of the seismic hazard and stress-field section of the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ). He is actually chairing the science board of the Global Earthquake Model Foundation. He was a Professor of Geophysics at the University Joseph Fourier (Grenoble, France) from 2001 to 2015 and a scientist of the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety from 1996 to 2001. He received his Ph.D from the Grenoble University in 1996 and he was nominated junior fellow of “Institut Universitaire de France” in 2006.
His research interests concern the analysis of earthquake source properties, the characterization of strong ground-motions and the improvement of probabilistic seismic hazard models. His main tools are the analysis of earthquake near-field data (accelerograms, GPS). He has co-authored 80 publications in peer reviewed journals. He has been involved in a number of national and international projects involving seismic hazard assessments in France, Germany, Switzerland and South Africa. He has been coordinating several research programs and he is actually the PI of the working group in charge of the strong ground-motion modeling for the new European Hazard map (SERA and EPOS-IP European projects).
Knowns and unknows of ground-motion modelling. Lessons learned from recent earthquakes and implications for seismic hazard assessment.
Our ability to predict future ground-shaking has been improving significantly these last ten years. Recent damaging earthquakes (e.g. Nepal 2014, Italy 2016) and associated ground-motion records are however still challenging engineering ground-motions models. Moreover, recent seismic hazard projects show that ground-motion related epistemic uncertainties remain large and have a high impact on seismic hazard assessment results. I will first discuss the key lessons (from a ground-motion point of view) learned from recent earthquakes and projects. I will show that the uncertainties related to ground-motion predictions are mainly related to specific scientific questions: earthquake-to-earthquake variability, long-period basins amplifications, definition of reference sites. We will finally investigate how uncertainty may be reduced taking advantage of the exponential growth of data and optimal monitoring.
Prof. Fabrice COTTON
Title of Theme Lecture:The 2016-17 Central Apennines seismic sequence: analogies and differences with recent Italian earthquakes
(see the abstract below CV)
Monday 18.06.2018
14:30-15:00
Prof. Mauro DOLCE
Director General at the Italian Department of Civil Protection, and University of Naples Federico II, ITALY
Mauro Dolce is Professor of Structural Engineering (1994-), University of Naples Federico II (2007-), and is Director General, Italian Department of Civil Protection (DPC) (2006-), where he was Head of the Seismic and Volcanic Risk Office (2006-2012) and is now scientific consultant (2012-).
He has coordinated the Civil Protection monitoring, prevention and mitigation activities in the field of the seismic risk. He coordinated the technical management in the emergency of the 06.04.09 Abruzzi Earthquake, the 20-29.05.2012 Emilia Earthquake, the 24.08.16 Central Italy Earthquake Sequence. He has also been coordinating the Italian seismic structural prevention programs (art. 11 of Law 77/2010) and the relationships of DPC with the scientific centres for seismic risk.
Research activities carried out in his academic involvement since 1978 have been mainly related to earthquake structural engineering and to seismic vulnerability and risk assessment, resulting in 400 scientific papers, 12 books, 8 volumes, and 8 patents. He was invited keynote speaker in several international conferences. He has been member and convenor of several national and international committees for structural engineering standards.
He is the Italian delegate (2008-) and President of the Governing Board of the Global Earthquake Model Foundation (2015-). He was vice-president of EAEE (2010-2014) and is currently a member of its Executive Committee (2002-).
The 2016-17 Central Apennines seismic sequence: analogies and differences with recent Italian earthquakes
On August 24th, 2016, a severe, very long seismic sequence started in Central Italy. It is characterized by nine major shocks M5+, two of which with moment magnitude Mw 6.0 (August 24th, 2016) and 6.5 (October 30th, 2016). A complex seismogenic fault system was activated, with several segments ruptured. The affected area is very large, developing in NNW-SSE direction along the Apennines, due to both the large magnitude values and the distance among the epicentres of the nine major shocks. The maximum observed (cumulated) intensity is XI in the MCS scale. In six months 56000 shocks were recorded by the INGV national seismic network. Ca. 300 people lost their life, all due to the first mainshock. Devastating damage was produced to buildings, cultural heritage, roads and other lifelines, resulting in huge economical direct losses.
The emergency response was coordinated as usual by the National Department of Civil Protection (DPC). The main scientific features of the sequence and the main technical emergency activities will be discussed and compared to the main recent Italian earthquakes, such as the 1997 Umbria-Marche, the 2009 L’Aquila and the 2012 Emilia earthquakes. Analogies and differences will be pointed out.
Prof. Mauro DOLCE
Title of Theme Lecture:Capturing geographically-varying uncertainty in earthquake ground motion models or What we think we know may change
(see the abstract below)
Monday 18.06.2018
14:30-15:00
Dr. John DOUGLAS
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
John Douglas obtained his Ph.D in Civil and Environmental Engineering (Engineering Seismology) in 2001, following a B.Sc. Hons (First Class) degree in Mathematics (both from Imperial College London, UK). In 2010, he was awarded his accreditation to supervise research (Habilitation à diriger des recherches) in seismology by the University of Grenoble (France).
Since June 2015 he is a Chancellor's Fellow at the University of Strathclyde (Glasgow, UK) working in the fields of seismic hazard and risk evaluation. Previously (2004-2015) he was a senior engineering seismologist at BRGM (French Geological Survey). From 2009 to 2014 he was a visiting professor at the Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, University of Iceland. He has been played a key role in various research, public service and commercial projects.
Dr Douglas is an associate editor of the “Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America”, the “Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering” and “Earthquake Spectra”, and an editor of “Pure and Applied Geophysics”. He is author or co-author of over 75 articles in international peer-reviewed journals. Since 2001 he has maintained a global compendium of ground-motion models (www.gmpe.org.uk). He won the French Association for Earthquake Engineering Young Researcher Prize in 2011. http://www.strath.ac.uk/staff/douglasjohndr/
Capturing geographically-varying uncertainty in earthquake ground motion models or What we think we know may change
Our knowledge of earthquake ground motions of engineering significance varies geographically. The prediction of earthquake shaking in parts of the globe with high seismicity and a long history of observations from dense strong-motion networks, such as coastal California, much of Japan and central Italy, should be associated with lower uncertainty than ground-motion models for use in much of the rest of the world, where moderate and large earthquakes occur infrequently and monitoring networks are sparse or only recently installed. This variation in uncertainty, however, is not often captured in the models currently used for seismic hazard assessments, particularly for national or continental-scale studies.
In this theme lecture, firstly I review recent proposals for developing ground-motion logic trees and then I develop and test a new approach for application in Europe. The proposed procedure is based on the backbone approach with scale factors that are derived to account for potential differences between regions. Weights are proposed for each of the logic-tree branches to model large epistemic uncertainty in the absence of local data. When local data is available these weights are updated so that the epistemic uncertainty captured by the logic tree reduces. I argue that this approach is more defensible than a logic tree populated by previously published ground-motion models. It should lead to more stable and robust seismic hazard assessments that capture our doubt over future earthquake shaking.
Dr. John DOUGLAS
Title of Theme Lecture:Research Needs Towards A Resilient Community: Vulnerability reduction, infrastructural systems model, loss assessment, resilience-based design and emergency management
(see the abstract below)
Monday 18.06.2018
14:30-15:00
Prof. Paolo FRANCHIN
Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, ITALY
Dr Franchin holds a Laurea and a Ph.D degree from Sapienza, and a Master of Science from University of California, Berkeley. His research in the broader field of earthquake engineering focuses on seismic risk and resilience assessment of structural and infrastructural systems. He has extensive experience in collaborative research having taken part in projects at the national and international level (e.g. within the 5th, 6th and 7th European Framework Programmes). He is leading the development of the modeling and simulation framework and software OOFIMS, for the analysis of interdependent civil infrastructure systems. He is a member of the Editorial Board of “Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructures” (Taylor & Francis). He is a member of fib, the International Federation for Structural Concrete, IASSAR; the International Association for Structural Safety and Reliability; the Doctoral School in Structural and Geotechnical Engineering at Sapienza; the Scientific Committee of the EUCENTRE Foundation as well as a faculty of the European School in Reduction of Seismic Risk, both in Pavia. He has extensive consulting experience for the seismic design, assessment and retrofit of existing bridges and buildings, and is part of the Project Team for the revision of Eurocode 8 - Part 3 “Assessment and retrofitting of buildings”.
Research Needs Towards A Resilient Community: Vulnerability reduction, infrastructural systems model, loss assessment, resilience-based design and emergency management
Most of the literature on resilience is devoted to its assessment. It seems time to move from analysis to design, to develop the tools needed to enhance resilience. Resilience enhancement, a close relative of the less fashionable risk mitigation, adds to the latter, at least in the general perception, a systemic dimension. Resilience is often paired with community, and the latter is a system. This chapter therefore discusses strategies to enhance resilience, endorses one of prevention rather than cure, and focuses in the remainder on the role played by systemic analysis, i.e. the analysis of the built environment modelled beyond a simple collection of physical assets, with due care to the associated interdependences. Research needs are identified and include challenges in network modelling, the replacement of generic fragility curves for components, how to deal with evolving state of information.
Prof. Paolo FRANCHIN
Title of Theme Lecture:
Nonlinear Stiffness and Damping of Rocking Foundations
(see the abstract below)
Tuesday 19.06.2018
14:00-14:30
Prof. George GAZETAS
School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GREECE
George Gazetas is a Professor of Civil Engineering at the National Technical University of Athens. His research interests include Soil Dynamics, Static and Dynamic Soil Structure Interaction, Design of shallow and deep foundations, Foundation vibrations He is the author or co-author of more than 160 journal papers and 200 papers in conference proceedings, and has supervised 24 doctoral theses. Prior to coming to NUTA he served as: Assistant Professor at the Case Western Reserve University, in Cleveland, Associate Professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), in Troy, and Professor of Civil Engineering at the State University of New York at Buffalo. He received a number of international awards including:
- Alfred Noble Prize (ASCE, ASME, AIM, IEEE): 1982- James Croes Medal (American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)) : 1985
- Walter L. Huber Civil Engineering Research Prize (ASCE) : 1988
- Shamsher Prakash Research Award (S. Prakash Research Foundation) : 1990
- T. K. Hsieh Award (Institution of Civil Engineers, London) : 1997, and again 2009
- Distinguished Lecturer Award (Japanese Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE)) : 2002
- Coulomb-2009 Lecturer, French Association of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
- Ishihara -2013 Lecturer, International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotech. Engineering
- The ISET-SP, Award 2014 (Indian Society of Earthquake Technology)
- The 2015 Award for Excellence in Academic Teaching, bestowed in memory of V. Xanthopoulos and S. Pneymatikos by the Institute of Technology and Research, Greece.
Nonlinear Stiffness and Damping of Rocking Foundations
Prof. George GAZETAS
Title of Theme Lecture:
What seismic risk we do design for when we design buildings?
(see the abstract below)
Tuesday 19.06.2018
14:00-14:30
Prof. Iunio IERVOLINO
Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples "Federico II", ITALY
Iunio Iervolino is full professor of earthquake engineering and structural dynamics at the University of Naples Federico II where he also chairs the M.Sc program in structural and geotechnical engineering. He is the youngest full professor in Italy in the field of structural engineering. Iunio Iervolino has two masters, one in earthquake engineering from IUSS (Pavia, Italy) and one in management engineering, as well as a Ph.D in seismic risk; both M.Sc and Ph.D are from the University of Naples Federico II (Naples, Italy). Since his Ph.D thesis on the topic of seismic risk assessment of process industry facilities, he has authored more than three hundred publications in the field of risk assessment for civil structural and infrastructural systems and earthquake early warning methods. He has also advised about ten Ph.D students. Among awards and honors, he received the AXA Research Fund grant in 2011, a fellowship from the Japan Society for Promotion of Science and, in 2014, he was appointed Fulbright visiting professor at Stanford University (California). (http://wpage.unina.it/iuniervo/)
What seismic risk we do design for when we design buildings?
Since a few years, the Italian earthquake engineering community is putting effort to assess the seismic risk of structures designed according to the code currently enforced in the country, which has extended similarities with Eurocode 8. For the scope of the project, five structural typologies are considered: masonry, reinforced concrete, pre-cast reinforced concrete, steel, and seismically isolated buildings. Archetype structures are designed for each typology according to standard practice at five sites across Italy, spanning a wide range of seismic hazard levels. While design is code-conforming, the risk assessment follows the principles of performance-based earthquake engineering and employs state-of-the-art tools. The seismic response is evaluated via multi-stripe non-linear dynamic analysis and integration of the probabilistic hazard and probabilistic vulnerability yields the annual failure rate, in terms of onset of non-structural damage and collapse. Results, which generally show risk increasing with hazard and uneven seismic reliability across typologies, may stimulate reflections about current seismic structural design philosophy in Europe.
Prof. Iunio IERVOLINO
Title of Theme Lecture:
Seismic performance of a full-scale FRP retrofitted sub-standard RC building
(see the abstract below)
Wednesday 20.06.2018
14:00-14:30
Prof. Alper ILKI
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY
Alper İlki is a professor of structural engineering at Istanbul Technical University. The main theme of his academic studies is the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete and masonary structures, as well as seismic design, assessment and retrofitting. He is the author or co-author of more than 40 international journal papers and more than 140 international conference papers. He has supervised 8 completed Ph.D theses and more than 50 M.Sc theses. He has also served and is serving on the National Committees responsible for revising/drafting Seismic Design Code, and Regulation for Assessment of Highly Vulnerable Buildings. Other than acting as a reviewer or guest editor for more than 30 international reputable scientific journals, he is associate editor or editorial board member of “Bulletin New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering”, “International Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring”, “Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering and “Technical Journal of Chamber of Civil Engineers”, among few others. He also co-edited two international books published by Springer titled “Seismic Risk Assessment and Retrofitting”, and “Seismic Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Structures”.
Seismic performance of a full-scale FRP retrofitted sub-standard RC building
External jacketing of columns with Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) is a promising retrofitting technique for improving seismic performance of sub-standard reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. The enhancement in deformation capacity and shear strength of jacketed members helps to prevent the brittle collapse mechanism of buildings with inadequate ductility. In this study, results of a recent full-scale test conducted on a FRP retrofitted building are presented and evaluated through comparison with nonlinear structural analysis predictions. Furthermore, the contribution of FRP jacketing to seismic performance of sub-standard RC structural systems is described and exemplified by presenting the results of a wide spectrum of laboratory and site tests. Finally, design provisions/recommendations of various codes and guidelines for seismic strengthening with FRP jacketing are reviewed in comparison with the latest laboratory tests on RC columns.
Prof. Alper ILKI
Title of Theme Lecture:
Seismic design of bridges: present and future
(see the abstract below)
Wednesday 20.06.2018
10:15-10:45
City University of London, UK, and Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, GREECE
Andreas Kappos is Professor of Civil Engineering at City, University of London since 2013. He is also part-time Professor at the Department of Civil Engineering of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. From 1995 to 1999 he worked at Imperial College London, first as a lecturer and later as a Reader.
He works in the field of structural engineering, in particular analysis and testing procedures for structures subjected to earthquake loading. He published extensively in the field (over 300 papers in refereed journals and conference proceedings), and his work is recognised internationally (over 4000 citations). He was involved in several consultancies on topics like the seismic design of bridges and buildings, assessment and retrofit of damaged structures, and various aspects of use of concrete in bridges, tunnels, etc.
He is the Secretary General of the European Association of Earthquake Engineering and Coordinator of its Working Group on bridges. He also served as a member of committees dealing with seismic design (he is currently the Leader of the Team drafting the new Eurocode 8-Part 3) and assessment (various fib and EAEE task groups).
Seismic design of bridges: present and future
A brief critical overview is provided of current code provisions for seismic design of bridges, with emphasis on European practice, and some comparisons with the US codes. It is discussed whether current Eurocode 8-2 provisions are performance-based and what, if anything, is really missing or lagging behind the pertinent state-of-the-art. Two different approaches recently proposed by the author for performance-based design (PBD) of bridges are presented and the feasibility of incorporating them in the next generation of codes, such as the new EC8-2 (currently in the evolution process), are discussed. The first procedure is in line with the exigencies of ‘direct DBD’ wherein stiffness and subsequently strength of the bridge are determined to satisfy a target displacement profile, with due account of the effect of higher modes. The second procedure is ‘deformation-based design’ wherein local deformations of dissipating components are an integral part of the design.
Prof. Andreas KAPPOS
Title of Theme Lecture:Earthquake Geotechnics in Offshore Engineering
(see the abstract below)
Wednesday 20.06.2018
14:00-14:30
Prof. Amir M. KAYNIA
Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, and Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NORWAY
Amir M. Kaynia is Discipline Lead, Vibration and Earthquake Engineering at NGI, and Adjunct Prof. at Dept. of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). He has received his BSc degree from Tehran University and his M.Sc and Ph.D degrees in Structural Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). His areas of practice include earthquake engineering, soil dynamics and soil-structure interaction.
He has published more than 140 papers in peer reviewed journals and international conference proceedings, has authored 5 book chapters, and has held numerous keynote lectures. He has advised more than 25 M.Sc and 3 Ph.D theses on topics within structural and geotechnical earthquake engineering. He has participated in six research projects funded by the European Commission, and has coordinated two major projects funded by the European Commission and the Norwegian Research Council. In addition, he has managed a large number of national and international offshore and on-shore industrial projects. He is member of several national and international scientific committees and is Chairman of the Norwegian Earthquake Committee for national provisions in Eurocode 8. He is member of the Editorial Boards of the journals of “Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering” and “Transportation Geotechnics”.
Earthquake Geotechnics in Offshore Engineering
This paper addresses some of the geotechnical issues encountered in earthquake design of offshore structures. A considerable effort has recently been put on the development of oil and gas fields in deep water. This has introduced new geotechnical challenges that are different from those encountered in traditional offshore design. This paper addresses some of the more recent approaches and solutions in geotechnical earthquake analyses of shallow and deep water structures such as platforms and jacket type structures, anchors, large subsea facilities and offshore wind turbines. Considering the geo-hazards posed by unstable slopes to deep-water development, special attention is given to highlighting the various factors contributing to the seismic response of submarine slopes and its impact on pipelines traversing them.
Prof. Amir M. KAYNIA
Title of Theme Lecture:Measuring and managing urban disaster resilience
(see the abstract below)
Thursday 21.06.2018
14:00-14:30
Dr. Bijan KHAZAI
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, and Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology, GERMANY
Dr. Khazai holds Masters and Doctoral degrees in Civil and Environmental Engineering from the University of California at Berkeley. Before joining the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology’s Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM) in 2007 he was a post-doctoral fellow at the Columbia University Earth Institute, and the Kyoto University Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI) where he investigated social and economic impacts following major disasters. His research activity encompasses social vulnerability and resilience analysis, megacities and urban risk management. He has published widely on the principles, tools and practice of urban risk and resilience indicator systems, and has served as the Principal Investigator in many European and international research projects on indicators including the Global Earthquake Model Social Vulnerability and Integrated Risk Project. He has engaged with a wide range of stakeholders including communities, government, academia, private sector, and civil society in developing indicator-based disaster risk management systems in many cities around the world, including in Istanbul, Amman, Aqaba, Algiers, Kathmandu, Mumbai, Dhaka, and Metro Manila. Dr. Khazai is currently founder of a KIT spin-off developing DRM software solutions and is leading the development of sector-specific resilience standards and a certification seal for the private sector.
Measuring and managing urban disaster resilience
Making a city disaster-resilient means understanding the capacity of communities and decision-makers to actively adapt to, cope with, and transform in view of potential threats. Urban resilience needs to be considered a multi-dimensional and highly dynamic concept, visible at multiple levels of geography. Since introducing the concept of urban earthquake risk index systems for benchmarking urban disaster risk by Rachel Davidson and Haresh Shah in 1997, there have been many applications of disaster risk management indices in key cities around the world. Various indicator frameworks rely on pre-arranged indicator sets and beneficiaries to measure disaster resilience, neglecting the need to dynamically adjust indicators to the context of specific places or sub-city levels of geography. The purpose of this paper is to introduce quantitative and qualitative approaches for measuring and managing a city’s resilience performance, reflecting multiple dimensions of resilience including organizational, institutional, and structural actions taken to reduce risk, to prepare for crisis and to recover efficiently from disasters.
Dr. Bijan KHAZAI
Title of Theme Lecture:Seismic design of steel structures: Current trends and novel challenges towards the new generation of Eurocode 8
(see the abstract below)
Wednesday 20.06.2018
10:15-10:45
Prof. Rafaelle LANDOLFO
Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples "Federico II", ITALY
Raffaele Landolfo is Full Professor of Structural Engineering at the University of Naples "Federico II". He is currently the Head of the Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture at the University of Naples. His research activity involves the participation in several national and international research projects. He also served as Chairman the Working Group 3 within the European project COST Action C25 “Sustainability of Constructions: Integrated approach to Life-time Structural Engineering”. He served as president of ECCS (i.e. European Convention for Constructional Steelwork). Since 2007 he is the Chairman of TC13 that is the Technical Committee on Seismic Design of ECCS. Within this framework he is coordinating a research group made of International experts in order to revise and improve the current version of Chapter 6 “Steel structures” of Eurocode 8. Recently, he has been appointed as Convenor of Working Group 2 (WG2) – Steel and Composite Structures within CEN/TC250/SC8 Committee, which is the official body devoted to the maintenance and development of all parts of Eurocode 8. He is also active in other international standardization organizations (e.g. Committee CEN/TC 250/SC3, CEN/TC 250/SC9, etc.). He published a book and more than 400 scientific papers, mainly on national and international journals.
Seismic design of ssteel structures: Current trends and novel challenges towards the new generation of Eurocode 8
After several years since their final release, the European Standards for the design and verification of structures are now under revision with the main aim to integrate into the codes the latest developments in scientific and technological knowledge. In this perspective, the CEN/TC 250 is currently working on the revision and harmonization of Eurocodes, under the mandate M/15 “Evolution of the Structural Eurocodes”, which shall be completed within the next 2020. Nowadays, we are entering in the core part of the revision process. A great excitement is coming over the scientific community considering that there is now the unique possibility to gather together all the scientific efforts and findings obtained into the last two decades and to transfer them into the codes, for a modern and up-to-date European normative framework. This is even deeply felt in the case of EN 1998 dealing with the design, assessment, and retrofitting of structures for earthquake resistance. Very important results, novel scientific knowledge and technological progresses have been now achieved so that an update of rules for the seismic design of structures is of utmost importance not only for constructions located in high seismicity areas but also for the ones in the low seismicity zones. All these considered, this paper presents the ongoing activities in the field of steel structure carried out within the Technical Committee TC250/SC8, which is the TC in charge of Eurocode 8 revision, in cooperation with the ECCS/TC13 Committee. The critical issues of the code together with the main research topics that require further insights are presented and discussed in details.
Prof. Raffaele LANDOLFO
Title of Theme Lecture:Technologies for seismic retrofitting and strengthening of earthen structures: assessment and applications
(see the abstract below)
Tuesday 19.06.2018
14:00-14:30
Prof. Paulo B. LOURENCO
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, PORTUGAL
Paulo B. Lourenço, professor, ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal and Co-Head of the Institute in Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE). Convener of the Project Team responsible for the revision of the Eurocode 6 - Part 1. He is experienced in the fields of NDT, advanced experimental and numerical techniques, innovative strengthening techniques, novel masonry products and earthquake engineering. He is specialist in structural repair, conservation and strengthening, with works in several World Heritage sites, such as Cathedral of Porto, Monastery of Jeronimos (Lisbon), Castle of Guimaraes, Qutb Minar (New Delhi) or Canterbury Cathedral (UK). He has worked in more than 100 monuments in Portugal, Spain, Italy, Brazil, Cyprus, Iran, India, UK and Morocco. He is editor of the “International Journal of Architectural Heritage: Conservation, Analysis and Restoration”, editor of the Conference Series “Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions” and Coordinator of the European Erasmus Mundus Master Course on “Structural Analysis of Monuments and Historical Constructions”. Supervisor of over 40 completed Ph.D theses and coordinator of several national and international research projects. He is author or co-author of more than 1000 technical and scientific publications in the fields of masonry, timber and concrete structures, with an h-index of 35.
Technologies for seismic retrofitting and strengthening of earthen structures: assessment and applications
Earthen and masonry structures are usually heavy and do not possess an integral behavior. A consequence of these characteristics, in combination with the adopted materials featuring low tensile strength and ductility, is that such structures often collapse in a quasi-brittle way, with local failures, usually out-of-plane. The lecture will first address the seismic assessment of these structures, by providing some recent shaking table tests and blind predictions. Given the obvious limitations in providing a good estimate of collapse, some recent developments in terms of numerical tools are briefly revised and a roadmap for research is briefly addressed. Subsequently, techniques for retrofitting and strengthening are addressed, with applications shown in the laboratory and in real case studies. The process of reaching engineering decisions and validation of solutions is discussed, and research needs are finally addressed.
Prof. Paulo B. LOURENÇO
Title of Theme Lecture:Large Scale Testing Facilities – Use of high gravity centrifuge tests to investigate Soil Liquefaction Phenomena
(see the abstract below)
Tuesday 19.06.2018
10:15-10:45
Prof. Gopal S. P. MADABHUSHI
Department of Engineering, Director of Schofield Centre and Head of Geotechnical Group, University of Cambridge, UK
Dr Gopal Madabhushi is a Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Cambridge, UK and the Director of the Schofield Centre. He is also the Head of the Geotechnical and Geo-Environmental Group at Cambridge. He has over 25 years of experience in the area of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. His expertise extends from dynamic centrifuge modelling to the time domain finite element analyses of earthquake engineering problems. He has an active interest in the areas of soil liquefaction, soil-structure interaction and liquefaction resistant measures and their performances. He has an active interest in the biomechanics of hip replacement surgeries. He has acted as an expert consultant to the industry on many geotechnical and earthquake engineering problems e.g. Mott MacDonald, Royal Haskonig and Ramboll-Whitby, UK. He has an active interest in post-earthquake reconnaissance work and has led engineering teams from UK to 921 Ji-Ji earthquake of 1999 in Taiwan, the Bhuj earthquake of 2001 in India and many other missions. He served as the Chairman of Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT) that runs under the auspicious of Institute of Structural Engineers, London. He served on the BGA Executive Committee from 2014-16. He was awarded the “TK Hsieh award” in 2005, 2010 and 2013 by the Institution of Civil Engineers, UK, the “BGA medal” in 2010 given by British Geotechnical Association, the “Shamsher Prakash Research Award” in 2006, “Medical Innovations Award” in 2007, the “IGS-AIMIL Biennial award” in 2008 and the “Bill Curtin Medal” in October 2009 by the Institution of Civil Engineers, UK, for his contributions in the area of Soil Dynamics, Tsunami’s and Earthquake Engineering. He has 130+ Journal Publications and 260+ papers in International conferences and workshops to date. He has authored a very successful book on the “Design of Pile Foundations in Liquefiable Soils” (Imperial College Press) and Geotechnical Chapters in the book on “Designing to Eurocode 8” (Taylor & Francis). His new book on “Centrifuge Modelling for Civil Engineers” was also published by Taylor and Francis publishing group.
Large Scale Testing Facilities – Use of high gravity centrifuge tests to investigate Soil Liquefaction Phenomena
Soil liquefaction following earthquake events causes severe damage to Civil Engineering Infrastructure as witnessed in many of the recent earthquake events. High gravity centrifuge tests are able to simulate earthquake induced liquefaction in saturated soils and allow us to study the physics behind liquefaction phenomena and the behaviour of structures that are located on such sites. In this lecture, recent investigations that were carried out at University of Cambridge will be presented. Some of the novel testing that was carried out includes creation of triaxial chambers within centrifuge models to delineate drainage effects on liquefiable soils. Similarly the reduction in settlement of foundations on liquefiable soils due to air injection apriori to earthquake loading will be discussed. In addition to liquefaction problems, the use of centrifuge testing in relation to pile-soil interaction and use of viscous dampers in soil-structure systems will be presented.
Prof. Gopal S. P. MADABHUSHI
Title of Theme Lecture:The Dynamics of Rocking Isolation
(see the abstract below)
Thursday 21.06.2018
10:15-10:45
Prof. Nicos MAKRIS
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, GREECE
http://www.civil.upatras.gr/en/Proswpiko/MelhDEP/entry/MakrisNicos/
The Dynamics of Rocking Isolation
The uplifting and rocking of slender, free-standing structures when subjected to ground shaking may limit appreciably the seismic moments and shears that develop at their base. While the unparalleled seismic performance of rocking isolation has been documented with the through-the-centuries survival of several free-standing ancient temples; and careful post-earthquake observations in Japan during the 1940’s suggested that the increasing size of slender free-standing tombstones enhances their seismic stability; it was Housner (1963) who elucidated a size-frequency scale effect and explained that there is a safety margin between uplifting and overturning and as the size of the column or the frequency of the excitation increases, this safety margin increases appreciably to the extent that large, free-standing columns enjoy ample seismic stability. This talk revisits the important implications of this post-uplift dynamic stability and explains that the enhanced seismic stability originates from the difficulty to mobilize the rotational inertia of the free-standing column. As the size of the column increases, the seismic resistance (rotational inertia) increases with the square of the column size; whereas, the seismic demand (overturning moment) increases linearly with size. The same result applies to the articulated rocking frame given that its dynamic rocking response is identical to the rocking response of a solitary free-standing column with the same slenderness; yet, larger size. The talk concludes that the concept of rocking isolation is a unique seismic protection strategy for large, slender structures such as tall bridges—not just at the limit-state but also at the operational state.
Prof. Nicos MAKRIS
Title of Theme Lecture:3D Physics-Based Numerical Simulations: Advantages And Current Limitations Of A New Frontier To Earthquake Ground Motion Prediction
(see the abstract below)
Wednesday 20.06.2018
10:15-10:45
Prof. Roberto PAOLUCCI
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, ITALY
He is working at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, where he is presently Director of the Ph.D School in Structural, Seismic and Geotechnical Engineering. He has over 25 years of experience in participation and coordination of different national and international research projects, dealing with seismic hazard studies and earthquake ground motion evaluation, geotechnical earthquake engineering, dynamic soil-structure interaction, high-performance computing in elastodynamics.
He received in 2000 the Shamsher Prakash Award for young researchers in earthquake geotechnical engineering, and in 2006 the Outstanding Paper Award by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, California, for the paper “Displacement Specta for Long Periods”, Earthquake Spectra, 2004. He is author or co-author of about 120 scientific papers and has been keynote/invited speaker at several national and international conferences and workshops.
He is presently member of the Project Team SC8.T1, in charge of the revision and update of Eurocode 8 - Part 1, and of other Technical International Committees (TC203, WG1-EC8). He is member of the International Scientific Committee of the SEISM Institute, France, and of the Eucentre Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
3D Physics-Based Numerical Simulations: Advantages And Current Limitations Of A New Frontier To Earthquake Ground Motion Prediction
Tools for earthquake ground motion prediction are one of the key ingredients in seismic hazard analysis, both within probabilistic and deterministic frameworks, with the seminal objective to provide estimates of the expected ground motion at a site, given an earthquake of known magnitude, distance, faulting style, etc. The level of complexity of the proposed approaches ranges from the empirical ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs), typically calibrated on the instrumental observations from real earthquakes, up to complex 3D numerical approaches, involving the numerical solutions of the elastic wave equations considering the whole system seismic source – propagation path – shallow soil layers, that are often referred to as 3D physics-based numerical simulations (3DPBS).
In spite of the substantial effort to include the ever-increasing number of strong motion records, GMPEs suffer of intrinsic limitations, mainly: (1) the available records hardly cover the range of major potential interest for engineering applications, with relatively few records available in the near-field of large earthquakes; (2) they refer to generic site conditions, in the best cases represented in terms of VS,30; (3) they only provide peak values of ground motion, without the entire time history which would be instead of major relevance in terms of input motion for engineering applications; (4) they are not suitable to be used for seismic scenario studies where the realistic representation of spatial variability of ground motion is an issue.
On the other side, 3DPBS are mostly limited by the large computational requirements, as well as by the insufficient information on the local seismic source features and on the local geology. As a consequence, the range of applicability of such numerical solutions is most often limited to 1 or 2 Hz.
In this presentation, progress on 3DPBS will be illustrated, mostly developed in the framework of a research cooperation between Politecnico di Milano, Italy, and Munich Re, Germany, providing 3DPBS earthquake ground motion scenarios in several large urban areas in the world, of the Reluis Project funded by the Italian Civil Protection Department, involving the validation of 3DPBS against records from some of the recent Italian earthquakes, of the European STREST Project, for the development of tools for stress tests of critical infrastructures and an application case study in the Thessaloniki area.
Special emphasis will be given on the critical evaluation of tools to improve the high frequency content of the seismograms, as well as the spatial correlation of the peak values of ground motion, as well as the spatial coherency of adjacent simulated ground motions, in order to verify the capacity of 3DPBS to act effectively as a numerical laboratory to produce realistic ground motion scenarios of future earthquakes in complex geological and tectonic environments.
Prof. Roberto PAOLUCCI
Title of Theme Lecture:Bridging the gap between seismology and engineering: towards real-time damage assessment
(see the abstract below)
Thursday 21.06.2018
10:15-10:45
Prof. Stefano PAROLAI
Director of the Seismological Research Centre of the OGS Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, ITALY
Stefano Parolai obtained his diploma in geological sciences (1993) and a Ph.D in geophysics (1997) from the University of Genoa, Italy. Since 2000, he has worked at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in the fields of engineering seismology, seismic risk and early warning. In 2009 he was awarded a habilitation in engineering seismology from the TU Berlin. He is currently a senior scientist and the head of the Centre for Early Warning Systems (Section 7.1) at GFZ. He is the coordinator of the Earthquake Model Central Asia initiative, which is concerned with seismic risk assessment in Central Asia, the SIBYL (SeIsmic monitoring and vulneraBilitY framework for civiL protection) project within EC-ECHO, and was a work package leader within the FP7 MATRIX (New Multi-Hazard and Multi-Risk Assessment Methods for Europe) project. In addition, Prof. Parolai is the General Secretary of the European Seismological Commission.
He is the author of more than 130 publications on international scientific journals. He is Associate Editor for the “Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America” (since 2008) and for “Annals of Geophysics” (since 2013).
Bridging the gap between seismology and engineering: towards real-time damage assessment
The development of earthquake early warning systems over the last decade has seen a number of studies that have focused either on improving the real-time estimation of seismological parameters, or on the rapid characterization of the possible damage suffered by a structure. However, the rapid increase in real-time seismic networks with stations installed in both the free field and inside buildings now offers the opportunity to combine the experience gained from these activities to develop a comprehensive real-time damage assessment scheme that, depending on the time frame and spatial scale of interest, can provide useful information for a risk-based early warning system or for rapid loss assessment. Furthermore, newly developed instruments, with their enhanced computing capabilities, are also offering the chance to combine early-warning procedures with the monitoring (during seismic crises) of a structure's behavior. In this talk, an overview of the state of the art in this multidisciplinary field will be given, and an outlook provided as to possible future developments.
Prof. Stefano PAROLAI
Title of Theme Lecture:Seismic design of foundations in difficult soil conditions: examples of solutions with pros and cons
(see the abstract below)
Monday 18.06.2018
14:30-15:00
Prof. Alain PECKER
President of AP Consultant, Professor at Ecole Nationale des Ponts, Chaussées, FRANCE
Alain Pecker graduated from Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (France) in 1972 and obtained a Master of Science degree from the University of California, at Berkeley in 1973. Until 2015 he was Chairman and Managing Director of Géodynamique et Structure, a French engineering consulting firm in Earthquake Engineering that he founded 35 years ago, upon retiring he became independent consultant. His professional interest lies in soil dynamics, liquefaction, wave propagation, soil structure interaction and foundation engineering. He has been consultant to major worldwide civil engineering projects in seismic areas, most notably the Vasco de Gama bridge in Lisbon, the Rion Antirion bridge in Greece, the Athens metro, the Second Severn bridge in UK, the Chiloe bridge in Chile, the Atlantic bridge in Panama and several nuclear power plants in France, South Africa and Iran.
Alain Pecker is Past President of the French Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Honorary President of the French Association on Earthquake Engineering and member of the executive committee of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering. He is a member of the drafting panel of Eurocode 8 and President of the French Committee for seismic codes. He is also Professor at Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées and at the European School for Advanced Studies in Reduction of Seismic Risk (IUSS of Pavia, Italy).
Alain Pecker has authored more than 150 technical papers, been invited as keynote speaker in conferences and received several awards for his work, most notably twice from the French National Academy of Sciences. He has been elected Member of the French National Academy of Technologies in 2000.
Seismic design of foundations in difficult soil conditions: examples of solutions with pros and cons
The development of large civil engineering projects in active seismic areas often faced the challenge of designing foundations that must sustain large seismic forces while preserving the functionality of the superstructure. The natural solution for such foundations seems to lie in the adoption of piles. However, end bearing piles are not always feasible and piled foundations are also subject to adverse effects which may not make them so attractive. Recent projects have shown that alternative, often innovative solutions, may lie in a combination of solutions coupling at least two of the following elements: shallow foundation, soil improvement, caissons, piles, etc…
The lecture will detail the pros and cons of the “classical” foundation solutions and illustrate on actual projects how combination of solutions may advantageously get rid of adverse effects while still providing a safe design and preserving constructability of the foundations.
Prof. Alain PECKER
Title of Theme Lecture:Seismic vulnerability of classical monuments
(see the abstract below)
Thursday 21.06.2018
14:00-14:30
Prof. Ioannis PSYCHARIS
School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GREECE
Ioannis Psycharis is a full Professor at the School of Civil Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece. He holds a Civil Engineering diploma from NTUA and a M.Sc. and a Ph.D. degree from the California Institute of Technology. He has taught several courses on Earthquake Engineering, Engineering Seismology and Soil Dynamics at NTUA and at the Greek Open University. He has served as advisor or as member of the advisory committee of more than 25 Ph.D. theses and has supervised more than 150 diploma and M.Sc. theses.
Prof. Psycharis is the author or co-author of more than 120 papers in refereed journals and international and national conferences and has participated in about 30 research projects, in one half of which he was the Principal Investigator. Additionally, he has a vast practical experience in the design of major civil engineering projects and has participated in the restoration of several monumental structures.
Currently, Prof. Psycharis serves as: Vice President of the Hellenic Association for Earthquake Engineering, Vice President of the Hellenic Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization (OASP), Head of the Department of Structural Engineering of the School of Civil Engineering of NTUA and National Delegate of Greece in the International Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Seismic vulnerability of classical monuments
Classical monuments are articulated structures consisting of multi-drum columns made of discrete stone blocks (drums) that are placed one on top of the other without mortar. Despite the lack of any lateral load resisting mechanism except friction, classical monuments are, in general, earthquake resistant, as proven from the fact that have survived several strong earthquakes over the centuries. However, in their current condition, they present many different types of damage that affect significantly their stability. This lecture presents the results of theoretical and experimental research on the earthquake resisting features and the assessment of the vulnerability of these structures, which is not straightforward due to the high nonlinearity and the sensitivity of the response. Recent trends towards a performance-based philosophy for their seismic risk assessment, based on conditional limit-state probabilities and seismic fragility surfaces, are also discussed.
Prof. Ioannis PSYCHARIS
Title of Theme Lecture:Advances in the assessment of buildings subjected to earthquakes and tsunami
(see the abstract below)
Wednesday 20.06.2018
10:15-10:45
Prof. Tizianna ROSSETTO
Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, and Director of EPICentre, University College London, UK
Tiziana Rossetto is a Professor in Earthquake Engineering in the Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering (CEGE) at UCL where she directs the Earthquake and People Interaction Centre (EPICentre, www.ucl.ac.uk/epicentre). EPICentre, founded in 2007 with seed funding from an EPSRC Challenging Engineering grant, is now the largest earthquake and tsunami risk research centre in the UK, with 13 academics, 30 research staff/PhD students and an MSc programme in Earthquake Engineering with Disaster Management. Tiziana is acknowledged as an expert in the assessment of the seismic vulnerability of buildings and is a leader in the field of tsunami engineering, as proven by her award of a European Research Council (ERC) Starting Grant and the 2017 Shah Distinguished Lecture Award. She has also worked in collaboration with Psychologists on earthquake risk representations in lay-people and the implications for risk reduction programmes. She has participated in 8 post-earthquake reconnaissance missions with the UK Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (Institution of Structural Engineers). She is a Fellow of the UK Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE), Chair of the Society of Earthquake and Civil Engineering Dynamics (SECED, ICE) and sits on the British Standards Institute Committee for the application Eurocode 8.
Advances in the assessment of buildings subjected to earthquakes and tsunami
Currently, 8 out of the 10 most populous megacities in the world are vulnerable to severe earthquake damage, while 6 out of 10 are at risk of being severely affected by tsunami. Preparing for major earthquakes and tsunami, through adequate disaster risk reduction (DRR) measures (e.g. design and construction of resistant buildings and evacuation/emergency protocols), is of paramount importance, because their timing and potential consequence are difficult to predict. To mitigate ground shaking and tsunami risks for coastal communities, reliable tools for simulating strong motion and tsunami are essential. Nowadays, computational methods are remarkably advanced, enabling accurate reproduction of main hazard intensity measures (e.g. peak ground motion amplitudes and tsunami wave heights) through detailed inversion analyses after a disaster. Moreover, methods for assessing the seismic performance of buildings and infrastructure are well established, allowing for seismic risk assessments to be performed with some degree of confidence. In the case of tsunami, structural assessment methodologies are much less developed. This stems partly from a general lack of understanding of tsunami inundation processes and flow interaction with the built environment. This thematic talk brings together novel numerical and experimental work being carried out at UCL EPICentre and highlights advances made in (1) defining tsunami loads for use in structural analysis, and (2) assessing buildings for loading under tsunami only, as well as under successive earthquakes and tsunami. The ultimate aim of this work is to develop structural assessment methodologies and models of vulnerability for buildings that will inform the risk models used by governments to develop their DRR strategies. However, the results of the work demonstrate a conflict in the design targets and concepts for seismic versus tsunami-resistant design of structures, which raise questions on how to provide appropriate building resilience in coastal areas subjected to both these hazards.
Prof. Tiziana ROSSETTO
Title of Theme Lecture:Resilience-Based Design of Communities
(see the abstract below)
Thursday 21.06.2018
10:15-10:45
Prof. Božidar STOJADINOVIĆ
Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, SWITZERLAND
Dr. Božidar Stojadinović is the Chair of Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich. Before coming to ETH in 2011, he was a Professor at the University of California, Berkeley and at the University of Michigan. His degrees are in Civil Engineering: PhD from the University of California, Berkeley in 1995, MS from Carnegie-Mellon University in 1990 and BS from the University of Belgrade, Serbia in 1988.
His main research interests are in engineering earthquake-resilient communities. He specializes in probabilistic performance-based seismic design and evaluation of structures and civil infrastructure systems. Besides resilience-based design, he is investigating new response modification techniques, such as rocking and seismic isolation, for seismic protection of civil infrastructure assets. He is also involved in the development of new experimental testing methods to evaluate the response of civil structures to dynamic excitation and fire using hybrid models that combine physical and numerical substructures. To date, he co-authored over 60 journal and over 200 conference papers. At ETH, he teaches courses in Structural Static and Dynamic Analysis and Seismic Design.
Resilience-Based Design of Communities
Resilience is a broad concept. For engineers, it is the ability of a system to reconstitute its functions after a significant disturbance, and as a fundamental property of sustainable components, structures and systems. Among many aspects of resilience, I will address the seismic resilience of urban communities. Earthquake (and other natural hazard) disasters in the past 10-20 years propelled research into defining and modeling earthquake resilience to the forefront. I will briefly review these important efforts. Computable measures of community resilience are key to modeling, quantification, evaluation and, ultimately, design for resilience. Thus, I will address possible systemic community resilience measures in some detail and outline one possible framework to quantify the seismic resilience of critical civil infrastructure systems of an urban community. Urban community resilience quantification frameworks are the basis for community resilience evaluation and resilience-based design. Key to the success of these efforts are the community resilience acceptance criteria. I will outline a possible risk-informed performance-based approach to defining resilience acceptance criteria at the system, structure and component levels and point to the challenges as well as the opportunities. With resilience measures, models and acceptance criteria in hand, resilience-based evaluation and resilience-based design of urban communities will quickly become reality. Work in this area will characterize the next 10-20 years in resilience engineering.
Today, we need a breakthrough in defining what constitutes an acceptably resilient community, as well as what constitutes acceptable processes of community preparedness for, robustness against, recovery from, and adaptation after an earthquake: this is the next urgent task facing the earthquake engineering community.
Prof. Božidar STOJADINOVIĆ
Title of Theme Lecture:Plain masonry: from testing and analysis to design
(see the abstract below)
Thursday 21.06.2018
10:15-10:45
Prof. Elizabeth VINTZILEOU
School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GREECE
Teaching Behaviour and Design of RC and Masonry Structures within the 5-year curriculum, Advanced Mechanics of Masonry, Intervention Techniques to Monuments and Historic Structures (Postgraduate Programmes), has acted/is acting as Coordinator of 50 National and European research projects, member of the Central Council for Contemporary and Modern Monuments (Hellenic Ministry of Culture), she has authored/co-authored more than 250 papers in periodicals and Proceedings of National and International Conferences. Main research fields, seismic behaviour and design of RC and masonry structures, documentation and assessment of RC and masonry structures, non-destructive investigation techniques, interventions to existing RC structures and to historic structures and monuments.
Plain masonry: from testing and analysis to design
The results of numerous testing campaigns on plain masonry elements, subassemblies and building models are reported in the international Literature.
On the other hand, micro-, meso- and macro-models are developed with the aim to describe the behaviour of masonry (at material level), of masonry elements and, indeed, of masonry buildings.
Finally, current Design Codes (e.g. EC8 in combination with EC6) provide design rules for plain masonry buildings under seismic actions.
Through selected examples, the author explores the path from testing and analysis to design rules with the purpose of identifying cases of either consistency or inconsistency.
Such an attempt, far from being complete, may allow for the identification of lacunae in research or further needs in modeling. The development in the respective fields may contribute to an improved design of plain masonry buildings and, hence, to the promotion of that construction system in seismic areas, within its field of application.
Prof. Elizabeth VINTZILEOU
Title of Theme Lecture:Issues with the Use of Spatially Variable Seismic Ground Motions
(see the abstract below)
Tuesday 19.06.2018
10:15-10:45
Prof. Aspasia ZERVA
Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
Aspasia Zerva earned her Diploma with Honors from the Department of Civil Engineering at the Aristoteleion University in Thessaloniki, Greece, her M.Sc. from the Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA, and her Ph.D. also from the Department of Civil Engineering also at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Her principal expertise is in the analysis of seismic array data, modeling of spatially variable seismic ground motions, linear and nonlinear response of lifelines, system identification, simulation techniques, and signal processing. She has published widely on these topics and is an active consultant to the U.S. government on issues of the spatial variation of seismic ground motions. Dr. Zerva served on national and international panels on Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, and as Program Director of the Earthquake Engineering Research Centers at the U.S. National Science Foundation.
Issues with the Use of Spatially Variable Seismic Ground Motions
Even though the significance of the spatial variability of seismic ground motions for the response of lifelines and its modeling from array data have been addressed for more than half a century, there are still issues associated with its use in engineering applications. This manuscript addresses this subject. Topics covered include, but are not limited, to the following:
1. Selection of coherency model, both in terms of the lagged coherency and the apparent propagation
of the motions, as related to the site under consideration.
2. Rotational components of seismic ground motions.
3. Use of surface ground motions vs. motions at depth for soil-structure interaction evaluations including the deconvolution of the surface motions to a location and depth and its upward propagation.
4. Modeling of the boundary conditions between the finite and infinite domains in finite element analyses, as, e.g., by means of the commonly used Lysmer approach and the perfectly matched layers, and discussion of their advantages and limitations.
5. Generation of spatially variable seismic ground motions for use in engineering applications, with emphasis on the appropriateness of the simulation approach, i.e., unconditional vs. conditional simulations.
The critical investigation of the aforementioned issues provides insight into and facilitates the appropriate use of spatially variable seismic ground motions in engineering applications.
